SPORTSperson ship is one of the new terms which gets a lot of attention in SPORTS ethics research nowadays. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the SPORTSperson ship among INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS elite male athletes. For this purpose, 84 elite athletes from INDIVIDUAL SPORTS including Wrestling, Tekwaendo, Karate, Weight Lifting, Track AND field, Cycling, Boxing, Table Tennis, Swimming, Badminton, Gymnastic, Wusho, Bodybuilding AND Skating AND 78 elite male athletes from TEAM SPORTS including Basketball, Volleyball, HANDball AND Football completed the MSOS inventory. A pilot study among 45 athletes of Azad University was held which 34 inventory was approved AND the coefficient alpha obtained was 0.77. Since after the examining, the distribution was not normal the data was analyzed through non-parametric Mann-Whitney U statistical method. The results stated that athletes involved in INDIVIDUAL SPORTS showed higher levels of SPORTSperson ship comparing to those who involved in TEAM SPORTS. Moreover, there found to be no significant diffrence between athletes with sport science academic education AND those with other majors of academic education.

The aim of this study was to compare athletes' personality characteristics of neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscintiousness, sociotropy, AND autonomy in INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS. One hundred AND thrty-four athletes (92 TEAM, 42 INDIVIDUAL, 88 males, 46 females) from the Faculty of Physical Education AND Sport Sciences, the University of Tehran, AND several sport clubs were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEOPI-R) AND the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS). Analysis of the data involved statistics including means, stANDard deviations, t-tests, AND pearson's correlation coefficients. The results revealed that INDIVIDUAL sport athletes scored significantly higher on conscintiousness AND autonomy than did TEAM sport athletes. The TEAM sport athletes scored significantly higher on agreeableness AND sociotropy than did the INDIVIDUAL sport athletes. No significant difference was found between the two groups on neuroticism, extraversion, AND openness. It can be concluded that athletes' personality characteristics are different for INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness AND sport commitment of TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL athletes. For this purpose, 196 athletes were selected through available sampling method from TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL sport fields. The Sport commitment (Scanlan et al., 1993) AND mental toughness questionnaires (Clough et al., 2002) were completed by participants. The results of Pearson correlation showed that there was a significant relationship between mental toughness AND sport commitment among athletes in both TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL SPORTS, AND the relationship between mental toughness AND sport commitment in INDIVIDUAL SPORTS was higher than TEAM SPORTS. In addition, the results of multivariate regression showed that mental toughness can significantly predicted sport commitment. Based on the findings, the results point to the importance of mental toughness in athletes sport commitment. Therefore, the athletes sport commitment can be improved through the growth of mental toughness.

The aim of this study was to explain sport achievement in TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL SPORTS according to emotional intelligence. Sixty seven student athletes (44 males, 23 females) from the Faculty of Physical Education AND Sport Sciences, the University of Tehran, were included in this study. All participants were asked to complete Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS). To measure sport achievement, athletes' coaches were asked to rate the Sport Achievement Scale (SAS). Analysis of data involved both descriptive AND inferential statistics including means, stANDard deviations, t - tests, Pearson's correlation coefficients, AND regression analyses. The results revealed that emotional intelligence was positively associated with sport achievement in both TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL SPORTS. However, athletes' sport achievement could be significantly predicted by emotional intelligence in TEAM SPORTS rather than INDIVIDUAL SPORTS. Emotional intelligence will increase the possibility of sport performance AND success through in main components including emotional perception, emotional facilitation, emotional understANDing, AND emotional management.    

AND mood states are psychological constructs which according to the results of recent studies, have substantial role in sport performance. The purpose of this research was to determine AND compare therelationship between sport perfectionism AND mood states inTEAM AND idiviual SPORTS athletes. The Research method used is descriptive with a correlative approach. Based on rANDom sampling, 70 athletes in INDIVIDUAL fields AND 70 in TEAM fields have selected from national super league. for data collection, two questionnaires of sport perfectionism, Dunn, et al (2006) AND Brums, Terry et.al (2003) were used AND for data analysis took Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test AND Z Fischer. The results indicated that in TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL fields, there was a positively significant relationship between concern over mistakes as a negative aspect of perfectionism AND scores obtained on negative mood before competition, while such relationship was negative for vigor. There was no significant relationship between perfectionism of athletes of TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL but depression AND fatigue of TEAM athletes significantly was better than INDIVIDUAL athletes. Finally the results of Z Fischer test showed no significant difference between perfectionism correlation coefficients AND mood states before competition in TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL athletes. Negative performance via negative reaction mechanism regarding to error AND mistake causes negative mood while positive perfectionism due to motivational effects results in improving positive mood.

Introduction: Aging is a very sensitive period of human life AND paying attention to the needs AND issues of this stage is a universal necessity. Therefore, the purpose of this research was the effect of INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS on the working memory AND attention of the elderly. Materials AND Methods: The current research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of this research was the elderly of Arak city, among them 102 elderly with an age range of 60 to 70 years were purposefully selected AND participated in this study. They were divided into three groups of elderly active in INDIVIDUAL SPORTS, elderly active in TEAM SPORTS, AND inactive elderly. N-back test AND continuous performance test (CPT) were used to measure working memory AND attention respectively. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance AND Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS-26 software. Results: The results showed that in the working memory AND attention, INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS had better performance than the non-exercise group (P≤0.05), but no significant difference was observed between INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS (P≥0.05). Conclusion: TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL SPORTS improve the working memory AND attention of the elderly. Therefore, it can be suggested that to improve the health of the elderly, exercise in a TEAM or INDIVIDUALly should be included in their weekly schedule.